The domestication of plants by mankind marks a significant turning point in the history of agriculture. Instead of relying solely on wild growth, humans discovered that by intentionally planting seeds or cuttings, they could propagate specific types of plants that suited their needs. This breakthrough revolutionized food production and laid the foundation for modern agriculture.

However, as agriculture progressed, the need to safeguard domesticated plants from both abiotic factors such as extreme weather, and biotic factors such as pests and diseases, became evident. To address these challenges, protected cultivation emerged as an ingenious solution. Greenhouses and other protective structures were developed to shield crops from adverse weather conditions, allowing year-round production irrespective of the external environment. Commercial greenhouse companies nowadays have come in varied shapes and sizes that suit the requirements of all types of farmers and agriculturists.

Protected cultivation offers numerous benefits. Firstly, it provides a controlled environment where crops can thrive, leading to higher yields and better-quality produce. Secondly, it allows the application of integrated crop production and protection management approaches, enabling more effective pest and disease control. This reduces the reliance on harmful chemicals, making it a sustainable method of growing food crops.

Furthermore, protected cultivation helps to mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture. By offering a shield against extreme temperatures, storms, and other weather events, greenhouses create a stable environment conducive to plant growth. This resilience is crucial in ensuring food security and sustainability for an ever-growing global population. 

Furthermore, when we incorporate automated hydroponic systems into these greenhouses, we not only provide a controlled climate but also optimize resource usage. Automated hydroponic greenhouse systems efficiently manage water and nutrients, reducing waste and promoting eco-friendly cultivation practices. This innovative approach not only bolsters food security but also contributes significantly to environmentally sustainable agriculture, addressing the pressing challenges of our times.

MicroClimate of the Greenhouse

From a historical perspective, the primary purpose of greenhouse cultivation was to enable the growth of heat-demanding plant species during the winter season in countries with cold climates. Greenhouses create a more favorable environment by utilizing the windbreak effect and the greenhouse effect to achieve higher temperatures inside during colder months. This allows farmers in temperate regions to extend their growing seasons and produce crops that would not otherwise survive the harsh winter conditions.

However, in regions with warm climates, particularly the Mediterranean and tropical areas where solar radiation is intense and temperatures can exceed recommended thresholds, the greenhouse effect can have adverse effects on the microclimate and crop performance. The confinement effect, resulting from decreased air exchanges with the outside environment, and the low transparency to far-infrared radiation of greenhouse covers, contribute to elevated temperatures inside the greenhouse during hot periods.

To mitigate these negative effects, greenhouse managers implement certain practices. The use of shading systems and proper ventilation or cooling mechanisms can help regulate the internal temperature, preventing it from becoming excessively high. By reducing sunlight exposure and improving airflow, greenhouse operators can create a more suitable environment for crops during hot seasons.

In recent years, the practice of cladding greenhouses with screens or nets has gained popularity, especially in areas with mild temperatures and those with mild periods in spring and summer. These “screen houses” minimize the greenhouse effect as the confinement effect is limited, and the sunlight is diminished due to the lower transparency of screens compared to conventional plastic cladding films. While the greenhouse effect is diminished, the shading and windbreak effects provided by screen houses remain beneficial for crop cultivation.

It is essential to note that screen houses do not protect crops from rainfall, as their cover is permeable. However, they can reduce the damage caused by heavy rain and hail, making them a viable option in regions where protection from extreme weather events is required while maintaining a more balanced and controlled microclimate for optimal crop growth.

5-Step Planning Guide for Greenhouse

Define your Objectives and Needs

Begin the planning process by clearly defining your objectives for the greenhouse. Determine what sorts of plants you want to grow and the specific environmental conditions they require. Consider factors such as the size of the greenhouse, the available space on your property, and the budget you have allocated for the project. Understanding your needs will guide all subsequent decisions in creating the perfect greenhouse.

Choose the Location Wisely

Picking the right location is essential for the success of your greenhouse. Opt for a site that receives maximum sunlight exposure throughout the day, preferably facing south to capture the most sunlight. Avoid areas with excessive shade from nearby trees or buildings. Additionally, consider the prevailing winds in your region and plan the orientation of the greenhouse to minimize exposure to harsh winds.

Determine the Greenhouse Structure and Materials

Next, decide on the type of greenhouse structure that best suits your needs and budget. There are various options, such as traditional glass greenhouses, polycarbonate structures, or hoop houses covered with plastic. Each material has its benefits, including insulation, light diffusion, and cost-effectiveness. Ensure the chosen materials provide adequate protection from extreme weather conditions while allowing for sufficient light transmission.

Design the Internal Layout and Systems

Plan the internal layout of your greenhouse with efficiency and functionality in mind. Consider the arrangement of plant beds, shelving, and irrigation systems to optimize space and streamline your garden maintenance processes. Think about the need for heating and cooling systems, ventilation, and shade or screening mechanisms to regulate the internal climate effectively. Incorporate automation and technology to make greenhouse management more convenient and precise.

Implement Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

Create a sustainable and environmentally friendly greenhouse by integrating eco-conscious practices. Consider rainwater harvesting systems to minimize water usage and solar panels to harness renewable energy for heating and powering the greenhouse. Utilize natural pest control methods and organic fertilizers to promote a healthier ecosystem within the greenhouse. Incorporate recycling and waste management strategies to reduce the environmental impact of your greenhouse operations.

Growing food is an amazing job that fulfills not only the produce requirements of an individual farmer but also that of a community. There are several big corporations stepping into the area of large-scale farming. However, the nuances that few farming families use like growing heirloom varieties of a vegetable, or preserving the native seeds, is a commendable feat in a world that is getting used to genetically modified food. If you are one such farmer, use a greenhouse to increase your farm yield.